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研究：严重的Facebook用户的决策能力受到了与吸毒者相当程度的损害。_我的网站

A | 北京时间1月14日早些时候，TechCrunch报道说，密歇根州立大学的研究人员正在探索社交媒体成瘾的概念。他们发现，在日常生活中，使用社交媒体网站的人表现出与可卡因或海洛因上瘾者相似的行为特征。    RENO, Nev. -- In an ongoing legal battle with the Biden administration over a Nevada lithium mine, environmentalists are poised to return to court with a new approach accusing U.S. wildlife officials of dragging their feet on a year-old petition seeking endangered species status for a tiny snail that lives nearby. The Western Watersheds Project said in its formal notice of intent to sue that the government's failure to list the Kings River pyrg as a threatened or endangered species could push it to the brink of extinction.It says the only place the snail is known to exist is in 13 shallow springs near where Lithium Americas is building its Thacker Pass Mine near the Oregon line.President Joe Biden has made ramped-up domestic production of lithium a key part of his blueprint for a greener future. Worldwide demand for the critical element in the manufacture of electric vehicle batteries is projected to increase six-fold by 2030 compared with 2020.Past lawsuits filed by conservationists and tribes have taken aim — largely unsuccessfully — at the Interior Department’s Bureau of Land Management, which they accused of cutting regulatory corners to expedite approval of the mine itself in 2021.The new approach targets the department's Fish and Wildlife Service, charged with ensuring protection of fish and wildlife habitat surrounding the mine site 200 miles (321 kilometers) northeast of Reno.Western Watersheds Project says groundwater pumping associated with the mine’s 370-foot-deep (113-meter) open pit will reduce or eliminate flows to the springs that support the snails.In the formal 90-day notice of intent to sue sent to Interior Secretary Deborah Haaland last month, they say her agency's failure to make a 12-month finding on the listing petition filed in September 2022 is a violation of the Endangered Species Act.“The Fish and Wildlife Service isn’t supposed to sit on its hands while species are in imminent danger of extinction, but the fact that it hasn’t met the deadlines on the pyrg raises questions about why they might be delaying,” Adam Bronstein, the project's Nevada director, said in a statement.“It would be absolutely unacceptable if the Biden Administration is waiting until it’s too late to save the species so as not to interrupt the construction of a lithium mine," he said.Interior Department spokeswoman Melissa Schwartz said in an email Thursday the department had no comment on the group's intent to sue.Western Watersheds Project said time is of the essence because the snails were imperiled even before any new mining was contemplated due to livestock grazing, round-building and, increasingly, the anticipated impacts of climate change.“The species has no regulatory protection whatsoever ... because it is not an endangered species, or even a Bureau of Land Management-listed Sensitive species, and has no state law protections," the notice said.Conservationists and tribal lawyers claimed a partial victory last year when U.S. District Judge Miranda Du concluded the bureau failed to fully comply with new interpretations of the 1872 Mining Law. But she stopped short of blocking the project, allowing construction to begin as the bureau shored up plans for disposal of waste rock.The opponents appealed, but the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Du's ruling in July.The tiny snail’s shell is less than 2 millimeters (0.08 inches) tall. By comparison, a U.S. nickel coin is 1.95 millimeters thick. They've managed to survive in isolated springs, which are remnants of extensive waterways that have covered what is now dry land only to recede many times over the last 2 million years, the listing petition said.The project says three of the springs are within a 1-mile (1.6-kilometer) buffer zone, the bureau established in its review of potential impacts of a 10-foot (3-meter) drawdown of the groundwater table, and the rest are less than 4 miles (4.8 kilometers) away."As drought frequency increases with climate change, the Kings River pyrg will be at high risk of extinction,” the letter to Haaland said. It notes that the Nevada Department of Wildlife considers the pyrg “extremely vulnerable to climate change.”Lithium Americas had no comment on the notice of intent to sue the Fish and Wildlife Service, spokesman Tim Crowley said. The company said when the listing petition was filed last year that it's done extensive work to design a project that avoids impacts to the springs.The Bureau of Land Management said earlier its environmental review of the project that it didn't detect any of the snails "within the direct footprint of the project or any area likely to be adversely affected by the project.”。

B | 相关论文已发表在《行为成瘾杂志》上。

C | 该研究首先要求71名参与者使用Bergen-Facebook成瘾量表对他们使用Facebook的情况进行评分。

D | 然后，受试者继续完成爱荷华游戏任务（IGT），这是一个评估决策能力受损程度的经典研究工具。具体方法是向参与者展示四包卡片和四组卡片。

E | 每张卡片都显示了获得或损失的金额。要求参与者在其中进行选择，以最大限度地提高收益。正如研究中解释的那样，“参与者还被告知，有些卡片比其他的好，如果他们想做得好，就应该避免坏卡片，选择好卡片。”研究人员发现，声称自己是Facebook过度用户的参与者在IGT上的表现比他们的同龄人差，他们选择了两张“坏”卡片，提供即时B。

F | 但最终导致了损失。在IGT的后一部分，当参与者有足够的时间观察卡片并知道哪些卡片预测了最大的风险时，实验中显示的行为差异具有统计学意义。从额叶脑损伤患者到海洛因依赖者，IGT已被广泛应用于各个研究领域，但作为一种检测社交媒体依赖者的手段，它仍然是一种创新的方法。随着结构研究的不断深入，研究者们可以肯定地将现有的学习物质成瘾的方法论框架应用于社交媒体用户。

G | 虽然上述研究范围较窄，但很有意思，为后续研究提供了一些方法。

H | 研究人员已经意识到，在理想的研究状态下，研究人员可以观察参与者的社交媒体使用情况，并根据他们的行为而不是他们填写的调查对他们的社交媒体使用情况进行排名。未来的研究也可以更深入地应用于不同社交网络的过度使用用户。目前，这项研究只关注Facebook的使用，“因为它是当今世界上使用最广泛的社交网络”，但人们可以预期，Instagram每月拥有超过10亿用户，而Twitter上瘾者则少得多。

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